- 性骚扰
- Non-Consensual Sexual Contact (or attempts to commit same)
- Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse (or attempts to commit same)
- 性剥削
不正当的性行为
By definition, sexual harassment is:
- unwelcome, gender-based verbal or physical conduct that is,
- sufficiently severe, persistent and 无处不在的 that it,
- 不合理地干扰, 否认或限制某人参与或受益于大学的教育计划和/或活动的能力
It is important to note that harassment can occur in a variety of contexts, including face-to-face interactions, 电子邮件, and other forms of written communication, 社交媒体, 等.
骚扰的例子
Most of us are familiar with the general concept of sexual harassment, yet conduct constituting harassment can include a wide range of behavior. 不适当的接触, 评论, 手势, 或者其他合理地使另一个人感到不舒服的行为，足以干扰他们充分参与其教育计划或失业的能力，当行为模式的一部分符合上述定义时，就构成性骚扰. Other examples that are punishable when they meet the above harassment standard include attempts to: coerce an unwilling person into a sexual relationship; repeatedly subject a person to inappropriate, unwelcome sexual attention; punish a refusal to comply with a sexual based request; or condition a benefit on submitting to sexual advances. 关键的概念不是你的意图，而是对受害者的解读, 以及一个站在受害者立场上的理性人的解释.
以下是一些具体的例子，可能有助于提供额外的理解:
- 一位教授坚持要学生和他/她发生性关系以换取好成绩. This is harassment regardless of whether the student gives in to the request.
- 一个学生在他/她创建的电子邮件列表中反复发送与性有关的笑话, 即使被要求停止, 导致一个收件人在校园和他们住的宿舍里躲避发送者.
- Explicit sexual pictures are displayed in an advisor’s office, on the exterior of a residence hall door, or on a computer monitor in a public space.
- Two supervisors frequently ‘rate’ several employees’ bodies and sex appeal, commenting suggestively about their clothing and appearance.
- 教授让学生在课堂上讨论他们过去的性经历, 然而，谈话与课堂的主题没有任何关系. She probes for explicit details, and demands that students answer her, though they are clearly uncomfortable and hesitant.
- 一位前女友广泛传播她与前男友性生活的虚假故事，让男友明显感到不舒服, turning him into a social outcast on campus
- 男学生喜欢称某位学生为“莫妮卡”，因为她长得像莫妮卡·莱温斯基. 很快, everyone adopts this nickname for her, and she is the target of relentless remarks about cigars, 总统, “sexual relations” and Weight Watchers.
- 一个学生抓住另一个学生的头发，然后抓住她的胸部，把嘴放在上面. He says it was just being playful, but it’s not appropriate or allowed.
Three Types of 性骚扰—Legal Constructs
As defined by the courts, three different types of sexual harassment exist. All of them are equally egregious, inappropriate, and unacceptable. 该政策旨在为这三种不同的法律结构提供明确的定义，以确保我们大学社区的所有成员都能理解这个术语的复杂性和包容性.
A. 充满敌意的环境 包括任何存在足够严重的骚扰行为的情况, 无处不在的, 客观上，它改变了雇佣条件或限制, interferes with or denies educational benefits or opportunities, 从主观(所谓的受害者)和客观(理性人)的角度来看.
B. 交换条件 sexual harassment exists when there are:
1)不受欢迎的性侵犯, requests for sexual favors or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature; and
2)服从或拒绝这种行为导致不利的教育或就业行动.
交换条件 means “this for that.“从本质上来说, 当一个人合理地认为同意或拒绝不受欢迎的性要求会对他们的教育或就业状况产生影响时，就会发生这种类型的性骚扰. 一个具体的例子是，一位主管建议员工，如果她不与主管发生性关系，她可能不会得到晋升，或者同意与主管发生性关系有助于晋升.
C. 报复性的骚扰 是否因为某人参与歧视或性行为不当的投诉或调查而对其采取不利的就业或教育行动. 例如，如果教授因为学生提出性骚扰指控而感到不安，因此通过报复而不公平地给学生扣分.
Non-Consensual Sexual Contact:
Non-Consensual Sexual Contact is
- any intentional sexual touching,
- 然而轻微,
- 对于任何物体，
- by a man or a woman upon a man or a woman,
- that is without consent and/or by force.
性接触包括:
- Intentional contact with the breasts, buttock, 腹股沟, or 生殖器, or
- touching another with any of these body parts, or
- making another touch you or themselves with or on any of these body parts, or
- any intentional bodily contact in a sexual manner, though not involving contact with/of/by breasts, 臀部, 腹股沟, 生殖器, 口或其它孔.
Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse:
Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse is
- 任何性行为
- 然而轻微,
- 对于任何物体，
- by a man or woman upon a man or a woman,
- that is without consent and/or by force.
行为包括:
- vaginal penetration by a penis, object, tongue or finger, or
- anal penetration by a penis, object, tongue, or finger, or
- oral copulation (mouth to genital contact or genital to mouth contact), no matter how slight the penetration or contact.
性剥削
性剥削是指学生为了自己的利益而在未经同意的情况下对他人进行性侵犯, or to benefit or advantage anyone other than the one being exploited, 除此之外，这种行为并不构成其他性行为不端犯罪. Examples of sexual exploitation include, but are not limited to:
- 侵犯性隐私;
- prostituting another student;
- 未经同意对性行为进行录像或录音(包括使用手机);
- 放置相机并拍摄照片/视频，以捕捉他人的身体暴露
their exposed 生殖器 or other sexual body parts; - 超出了双方同意的界限(比如让你的朋友躲在壁橱里观看你们两厢情愿的性行为);
- 偷窥的;
- knowingly transmitting an STI or HIV to another student;
- Exposing one’s 生殖器 in non-consensual circumstances; inducing another to expose their 生殖器;
- 基于性的跟踪和/或欺凌也可能是性剥削的形式
关键的一点:
同意: 同意 is clear, knowing, and voluntary. 同意 is active, not passive. Silence, in and of itself, cannot be interpreted as consent. 同意 can be given by words or actions, 只要这些言语或行为创造出双方都能理解的关于参与(和条件)性活动的意愿的明确许可. 同意 must be actively given for each sexual act. 未成年人或精神上和/或身体上无行为能力的人永远不能表示同意.